Ingliz tili grammatikasi — to'liq qo'llanma

Present Simple odat · fakt

Subject + V1  ·  he / she / it → V + -s

Doimiy takrorlanadigan harakat, odat va umumbashariy faktlar uchun ishlatiladi.

• + I work · She works · They work
• − I don't work · She doesn't work
• ? Do you work? · Does she work?

Belgilar: always · usually · often · sometimes · never · every day

Diqqat: 3-shaxs birlikda -s tushib qolmasin: He go → He goes, She have → She has.

Present Continuous hozir bo'layotgan

am / is / are + V-ing

Ayni shu paytda bo'layotgan harakat, vaqtinchalik holat va yaqin kelajakdagi reja uchun.

• + I am reading · She is reading · They are reading
• − I'm not reading · He isn't reading
• ? Are you reading? · What is she doing?

Belgilar: now · at the moment · at present · today · Look! · Listen!

Diqqat: holat fe'llari (stative verbs) odatda Continuous'da ishlatilmaydi: I know ✓ · I am knowing ✗. Bular: know, like, love, want, need, understand, believe, remember.

Present Perfect natija muhim

have / has + V3

O'tmishda bo'lgan, lekin hozirgi payt bilan bog'liq harakat yoki tajriba uchun. Aynan qachon bo'lgani muhim emas — natijasi muhim.

• + I have finished · She has finished
• − I haven't finished · He hasn't finished
• ? Have you finished? · Has she finished?

Belgilar: just · already · yet · ever · never · since · for · so far

since / for: since — boshlanish nuqtasi (since 2020, since Monday), for — davomiylik (for two years, for a week).

Present Perfect Continuous davomiylik

have / has been + V-ing

O'tmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan yoki endigina tugagan harakatning davomiyligini ko'rsatadi.

• + I have been working · She has been working
• − I haven't been working
• ? How long have you been working?

Belgilar: for · since · all day · lately · How long...?

Past Simple tugagan harakat

Subject + V2  ·  irregular fe'llar: go → went

O'tmishda ma'lum bir vaqtda bo'lib o'tgan va tugagan harakat uchun.

• + I worked · She went · They saw
• − I didn't work · She didn't go
• ? Did you work? · Did she go?

Belgilar: yesterday · last week · in 2020 · two days ago

Diqqat: did dan keyin fe'l V1 ko'rinishida qoladi: Did she went? ✗ → Did she go? ✓

Past Continuous jarayon

was / were + V-ing

O'tmishda ma'lum bir paytda davom etayotgan harakat uchun. Ko'pincha harakat boshqasi tomonidan bo'linadi (when / while).

• + I was reading · They were reading
• − I wasn't reading · They weren't reading
• ? What were you doing at 8 pm?

Belgilar: at 5 pm yesterday · while · when · all day yesterday

Past Perfect undan oldin

had + V3

O'tmishdagi boshqa bir harakatdan oldinroq bo'lib o'tgan harakat uchun — "o'tmishning o'tmishi".

• + I had finished · She had left
• − I hadn't finished · She hadn't left
• ? Had you finished before the deadline?

Belgilar: before · after · by the time · already · never ... before

Past Perfect Continuous davomiylik

had been + V-ing

O'tmishdagi ma'lum paytgacha qancha vaqt davom etgan harakat uchun.

• + I had been working · They had been waiting
• − I hadn't been working
• ? How long had you been studying English?

Belgilar: for · since · how long · before · until

Future Simple (will) qaror · bashorat

will + V1  ·  − will not (won't) + V1

Hozir qabul qilingan qaror, va'da, taklif va umumiy bashoratlar uchun.

• + I will call you · She will help us
• − I won't forget · He won't come
• ? Will you help me? · What will happen?

Belgilar: tomorrow · next week · I think / hope / expect · probably

be going to reja · dalil

am / is / are + going to + V1

Oldindan rejalashtirilgan niyat va hozirgi dalilga asoslangan bashorat uchun.

• + We are going to move · She is going to study
• − I'm not going to argue
• ? Are you going to join us?

will yoki going to? will — hozir qabul qilingan qaror (I'll take a taxi); going to — oldindan reja (I'm going to take a taxi after the lesson).

Future Continuous jarayon

will be + V-ing

Kelajakda ma'lum bir paytda davom etayotgan harakat uchun.

Belgilar: at 8 pm tomorrow · this time tomorrow · all day tomorrow

Future Perfect paysiz tugagan

will have + V3

Kelajakdagi ma'lum paytgacha tugallangan bo'ladigan harakat uchun.

Belgilar: by · by then · by the time · before

Future Perfect Continuous davomiylik

will have been + V-ing

Kelajakdagi ma'lum paytgacha qancha vaqt davom etgan bo'lishini ko'rsatadi.

Belgilar: by ... for · by next month

a / an — noaniq artikl birinchi marta

a + undosh tovush  ·  an + unli tovush  ·  faqat birlik sanaladigan ot bilan

Tilga olinayotgan narsa birinchi marta eslatilganda yoki "birorta / biri" ma'nosida ishlatiladi. Kasb-hunar oldidan ham qo'yiladi.

Muhim: tanlov harfga emas, tovushga bog'liq: a university (yu tovushi), an hour (h o'qilmaydi), a European country.

the — aniq artikl ma'lum narsa

the + birlik va ko'plik + sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan

Suibatdosh ikkoviga ham ma'lum bo'lgan, avvalroq tilga olingan yoki dunyoda yagona bo'lgan narsalar uchun.

• Yagona narsalar: the sun, the moon, the sky, the internet
• Eng yuqori daraja: the best, the most important
• Daryo, dengiz, okean: the Amu Darya, the Pacific

Artiklsiz holat (zero article) umumiy ma'no

Umumiy ma'nodagi ko'plik va sanalmaydigan otlar, shuningdek ayrim turg'un holatlar oldidan artikl qo'yilmaydi.

• Tillar va fanlar: English, math, history
• Ovqat nomlari: breakfast, lunch, dinner
• Ism, shahar, davlat: Ali, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
• Turg'un birikmalar: go to school / work / bed, at home

Ko'plik shakli -s / -es

• Odatda: +s — book → books, pen → pens
• -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o dan keyin: +es — box → boxes, watch → watches, tomato → tomatoes
• Undosh + -y: -ies — city → cities, study → studies
• -f / -fe: ko'pincha -ves — knife → knives, life → lives

Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan muhim

Sanaladigan otlar birlik va ko'plikda ishlatiladi (a book → two books). Sanalmaydigan otlar ko'plikda ishlatilmaydi va ular bilan a/an qo'llanmaydi.

• Sanalmaydi: water, milk, money, information, advice, furniture, news, work, traffic
• Miqdor kerak bo'lsa: a piece of advice, a bit of sugar, three bottles of water

Diqqat: an information, advices, furnitures, moneys ✗ — bu so'zlar sanalmaydi.

Egalik: 's va of kimning?

• Odam va hayvonlar: Ali's book, my brother's car, the cat's tail
• Ko'plik -s bilan tugasa: the students' books (apostrof keyin)
• Narsalar va joylar uchun: of — the door of the car, the capital of Uzbekistan

Shaxs olmoshlari jadval

this / that / these / those ko'rsatish

• this — yaqin, birlik · these — yaqin, ko'plik
• that — uzoq, birlik · those — uzoq, ko'plik
• Takrorlashdan qochish uchun one / ones: I like the red one.

Noaniq olmoshlar some / any / every

• somebody / someone — kimdir · something — nimadir
• anybody / anything — savol va inkorda · nobody / nothing — hech kim / hech narsa
• everybody / everything — hamma / hamma narsa

Diqqat: bu olmoshlar birlik fe'l bilan keladi: Everybody is here ✓.

Sifatlar tartibi OSASCOMP

Bir nechta sifat kelsa, tartib qat'iy: fikr → o'lcham → yosh → shakl → rang → kelib chiqish → material → maqsad.

Amalda 2-3 tadan ortiq sifat ketma-ket qo'shilmaydi — nutq tabiiyligini saqlang.

Qiyoslash darajalari -er / -est / more / most

• 1 bo'g'inli: +er / +est — small → smaller → the smallest
• Undosh bilan tugasa (qisqa unli): harf ikkilanadi — big → bigger → the biggest
• -y bilan tugasa: -ier / -iest — happy → happier → the happiest
• 2+ bo'g'inli: more / the most — more interesting → the most interesting

Naqshlar: than (qiyosiy) · the + orttirma · as ... as · not as ... as · much / a bit + qiyosiy (much better)

Ravishlar how? when? where?

• Yasalishi: sifat + -ly — quick → quickly, careful → carefully
• Istisnolar: good → well, fast → fast, hard → hard, early → early
• Turlari: uslub (slowly), joy (here), payt (yesterday), chastota (always, often, never)

Adj vs Adv: She sings good, He drives careful ✗ → She sings well, He drives carefully ✓.

Joylashuv: chastota ravishlari asosiy fe'ldan oldin, am/is/are dan keyin turadi.

Vaqt: at / on / in qachon?

• at + aniq soat, tun, payt: at 5 o'clock · at night · at noon
• on + hafta kuni, sana: on Monday · on 5 May · on my birthday
• in + oy, yil, fasl, kun qismi: in May · in 2026 · in summer · in the morning

Joy va harakat qayerda? qayerga?

• in — ichida, hudud ichida: in the room · in Tashkent · in the car
• on — yuza ustida, transportda: on the table · on the wall · on the bus
• at — nuqta, aniq manzil: at the bus stop · at school · at home
• Harakat: to (qarab), into (ichiga), out of (ichidan), through (orqali), across (ko'ndalang), over (ustidan), under (ostidan)

Turg'un birikmalar yodlash kerak

Diqqat: depend of, married with, listen me, wait me ✗ — to'g'ri shakllari yuqorida.

can / could qobiliyat · ruxsat

can / could + V1  ·  modal fe'ldan keyin -s, -ing, to qo'yilmaydi

• Qobiliyat: I can swim. · She could read at five.
• Ruxsat/iltimos: Can I open the window? · Could you help me? (muloyimroq)
• Inkor: can't (qila olmayman), couldn't (o'tmishda)

must / have to majburiyat

• must — o'z ichki hisim: I must study harder.
• have to — tashqi qoida, majburiyat: I have to wear a uniform at school.
• mustn't — taqiq: You mustn't smoke here.
• don't have to — shart emas: You don't have to come; it's optional.

mustn't ≠ don't have to: mustn't — qat'iyan mumkin emas; don't have to — kerak emas, lekin mumkin.

should / ought to maslahat

• should — maslahat, tavsiya: You should sleep more.
• ought to — xuddi shunday, biroz rasmiyroq: You ought to apologize.
• shouldn't — qilmaslikni maslahat berish: You shouldn't eat so much sugar.

may / might ehtimol

may / might + V1

• Ehtimol: It may rain tomorrow. · She might come to the lesson.
• Rasmiy ruxsat: May I come in?
• might — ehtimoli pastroq, noaniqroq.

Bir qarashda jadval

Zero conditional umumiy haqiqat

If + Present Simple → Present Simple

• Doim to'g'ri bo'ladigan qonun-qoidalar, ilmiy faktlar, odatlar uchun.
• If o'rniga when ham ishlatiladi (ma'nosi bir xil).

First conditional real kelajak

If + Present Simple → will + V1

• Kelajakda real yuz berishi mumkin bo'lgan shart va natija.
• If qismida will ishlatilmaydi: If it will rain — xato.
• will o'rniga can / may / going to ham bo'ladi.

Second conditional unreal hozir

If + Past Simple → would + V1

• Hozirgi paytda haqiqatga to'g'ri kelmaydigan yoki ehtimoli juda kam holat.
• be fe'li barcha shaxslar uchun were bo'ladi: If I were you…
• would o'rniga could / might bo'lishi mumkin.

Third conditional unreal o'tmish

If + Past Perfect → would have + V3

• O'tmishda yuz bergan, lekin o'zgartirib bo'lmaydigan holatlar va afsus-nadomat uchun.

Qanday yasaladi? formula

Subject + be (to'g'ri zamonda) + V3 (+ by agent)

• Harakatni bajaruvchi noma'lum, muhim emas yoki oshkor bo'lsa ishlatiladi.
• Bajaruvchi muhim bo'lsa, by bilan qo'shiladi: The book was written by Alisher.
• O'timsiz fe'llar (arrive, happen, come, sleep) majhulga aylanmaydi.

Active → Passive misollar

say yoki tell? farq

• say something — He said (that) he was busy. (kimga aytilgani aytilmasa)
• tell somebody — He told me (that) he was busy. (kimga aytilgani ko'rsatiladi)
• He said me — xato. He told me — to'g'ri.

Vaqt va joy so'zlari o'zgaradi

Savol va buyruqlar qoidalar

• Yes/No savol: ask + if / whether + darak gap tartibi.
  "Do you like tea?" → She asked if I liked tea.
• Wh-savol: ask + wh-so'z + darak tartibi.
  "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
• Buyruq: told/asked + to + V1; inkor: not to + V1.
  "Close the door!" → He told me to close the door. · "Don't be late." → She told us not to be late.

Gerund (V-ing) fe'l ot

• Ega bo'lib keladi: Swimming is good for your health.
• Predloglardan keyin: I'm interested in learning languages.
• Quyidagi fe'llardan keyin: enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, suggest, keep, practise, imagine, recommend.
  I enjoy reading. · She finished writing the report.
• go + V-ing (sport/hordiq): go swimming, go shopping, go fishing.

Infinitive (to + V1) maqsad

• Quyidagi fe'llardan keyin: want, decide, hope, promise, plan, need, try, offer, agree, learn.
  I want to learn English. · They decided to stay.
• Maqsadni bildiradi: I came here to study. (o'qish uchun keldim)
• Sifatlardan keyin: It's easy to say, hard to do. · I'm happy to help.

To'siz infinitive (bare) to yo'q

• Modal fe'llardan keyin: I can swim. · You must go.
• make / let + obyekt + V1: She made me cry. · Let me help you.
• would rather / had better: You'd better rest.
• Diqqat: majhulda to qaytadi: I was made to wait.

Ma'nosi o'zgaradigan fe'llar diqqat

Defining va non-defining farq

• Defining (vergulsiz) — ma'no uchun zarur, olib tashlansa gap o'zgaradi:
  The students who passed the test got certificates.
• Non-defining (vergul bilan) — qo'shimcha ma'lumot, that ishlatilmaydi:
  My brother, who lives in Tashkent, is a teacher.
• Olmosh obyekt bo'lsa, defining gapda tushib qolishi mumkin:
  The book (which) I read was useful.

some va any asosiy

• some — darak gaplarda: I have some questions.
• any — inkor va savollarda: I don't have any questions. · Do you have any questions?
• some iltimos/taklif savollarida: Would you like some tea?

enough, too, all, both qo'shimcha

• enough — sifatsiz oldin, otlardan keyin: He is old enough. · We have enough time.
• too much / too many — haddan ziyod: too much sugar, too many mistakes.
• all / both / none / neither: All students passed. · Both of them are here. · None of us knew.
• every / each — birlik bilan: Every student has a book. (students emas!)

Yes/No va Wh- savollar tuzilish

(Wh-so'z) + yordamchi fe'l + ega + V1 ?

• Yes/No: Do you like coffee? · Did she call you? · Are they ready?
• Wh-: Where do you live? · What did he say?
• Savol so'zi ega bo'lsa yordamchi fe'l kerak emas:
  Who called you? · What happened? (noto'g'ri: Who did call you?)

Question tags tasdiq savol

• Darak gap ijobiy bo'lsa — tag inkor: You are a student, aren't you?
• Darak gap inkor bo'lsa — tag ijobiy: She doesn't like tea, does she?
• Maxsus holatlar: I am late, aren't I? · Let's go, shall we? · Open the door, will you?

Indirect (muloyim) savollar xushmuomala

• Kirish so'zlar: Could you tell me… / Do you know… / I wonder…
• Shundan keyin darak gap tartibi ishlatiladi (yordamchi fe'l oldinga chiqmaydi):

Teng bog'lovchilar asosiy

• and — qo'shish: I bought bread and milk.
• but — qarama-qarshilik: He is young but experienced.
• or — tanlov: Tea or coffee?
• so — natija: It was raining, so we stayed home.
• for / yet — kitobiy uslubda sabab/qarama-qarshilik.

Ergash bog'lovchilar gap bog'laydi

• because — sabab: I stayed home because I was ill.
• although / though / even though — qarama-qarshi: Although it rained, we went out.
• while / when — bir vaqtda: While I was cooking, he was reading.
• before / after / until / as soon as — vaqt: Call me as soon as you arrive.

wish + zamonlar afsus

• If only = wish, lekin kuchliroq: If only I had more time!
• hope — real imkoniyat uchun: I hope you pass the exam. (wish emas!)

used to / be used to chalkash

• used to + V1 — o'tmishda doimiy odat, hozir yo'q:
  I used to play football when I was a child. (bolaligimda o'ynardim)
• be used to + V-ing / ot — ko'nikkan:
  I'm used to getting up early. (erta turishga ko'nikkanman)
• get used to + V-ing — ko'nikish jarayoni:
  He is getting used to living alone.

Causative xizmat qildirmoq

have / get + obyekt + V3

• Ishni boshqa kishi bajarishini bildiradi:
  I had my hair cut yesterday. (sochimni oldirdim)
• She got her car repaired. · We had our house painted.
• Kim qilishini aytsa: have someone do / get someone to do:
  I had the plumber fix the tap. · I got him to help me.

Inversion teskari tartib

Inkor/cheklov so'zi gap boshida kelsa, ega bilan fe'l o'rin almashadi:

• Never / Rarely / Seldom / Hardly: Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
• Not only … but also: Not only did she sing, but she also danced.
• Only then / Only after: Only then did I understand.
• Shart gap inversiyasi (rasmiy): Had I known, I would have helped you. (= If I had known)

So'z oilasi misoli oilalar

Eslab qolish uchun qoida

• do — ish-harakat (do homework, do sport), make — yaratish (make a cake, make a mistake).
• -ed / -ing qo'shimchalari: funny — kulgili, fun — qiziqarli; interesting — qiziqarli narsa, interested — qiziquvchi odam.
• Uch shakli bir xil fe'llarni darhol yodlang: cut, put, let, hit, cost, set — bu 6 tasi eng oson.
• Har yangi fe'lni uch shakli bilan daftarga yozib boring — keyin yodlash osonlashadi.

Davom etamiz! keyingi qadam

Nazariyani o'zlashtirgach, bilimni amalda mustahkamlang: reading, listening va mock testlar bilan tekshirib boring. Har grammatik qoida test savollarida qayta uchraydi.